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1. Usage The hoisting wrenches are divided into external and internal types. They work together during operation and are mainly used for raising and lowering the drill string, lowering the casing, and removing and tightening the drill pipe threads. 2. Types are classified according to the size of the drill pipe they can grip: B-type hoisting wrench and casing hoisting wrench; according to the operation method: manual hoisting wrench and hydraulic large wrench. Currently, B-type hoisting wrench and hydraulic large wrench are widely used in domestic sites. The gripping size range of B-type hoisting wrench is φ88.9 - φ298.4mm. By replacing the wrench head, different-sized pipes can be lifted and lowered. 3. Classification of large wrenches The large wrench is the main tool for connecting the drill string. Currently, the manual large wrenches used at the wellhead mainly include DB large wrench, SDD large wrench, B-type large wrench, and C-type large wrench. DB large wrench: The main working size is 3-½" to 8-¼", and the enlarged wrench head can reach 17". Torque range: 3-½" to 8-¼": 65000 ft-lb, 8" to 17": 40000 ft-lb. SDD large wrench: The main working size is 4" to 8-½", and the enlarged wrench head can reach 17". B-type large wrench: It is mainly used for removing and tightening the casing, with a size range of 3-½" to 13-3/8", and the extended wrench head can be up to 25-½". C-type large wrench: This is a portable large wrench, with a size range of 2-3/8" to 10-¾", and the maximum torque is 35000 ft-lb. 4. Maintenance and usage 1) Keep the hoisting rod flexible to facilitate leveling; 2) The valve is flexible, safe and reliable, and has sufficient elasticity; 3) After assembly of each wrench head, the hinge is flexible and the safety pin is complete; 4) When the teeth are worn down to 1/4 of the original height, a new tooth plate should be replaced; 5) Regularly lubricate the moving parts for maintenance; 6) The hoisting wrench suspension rope should be as high as possible; 5. Notes ⑴ Select an appropriate 5# jaw to ensure that the clamping size matches the size of the drill pipe. ⑵ The swivel clamp should be placed on the drill pipe joint. The upper and lower jaws should be 30-50mm away from the sealing surface of the joint. The inner and outer jaws should form an angle between 45° and 90°. When tightening, the outer jaw should be on top and the inner jaw should be below. When loosening, the outer jaw should be below and the inner jaw should be above. ⑶ When replacing the jaw teeth, do not aim at the wellhead and be careful not to injure your fingers or have the jaw teeth break off and injure someone. ⑷ When applying the clamp, do not place your fingers between the 3# long jaw and the 4# short jaw to prevent squeezing your fingers.

Tripod A tripod is a wellhead tool used during drilling and well completion operations to directly suspend the pipe string. It is connected to the hook and can suspend different pipe strings with different diameters. According to the type of suspended pipe string, tripods can be classified as drill pipe tripods, casing tripods, and tubing tripods; according to the structure of the tripod, there are side-opening double-safety type, open-type double-safety type, and locking ring type. The locking ring type is less used.  In drilling sites in China, the CSD group-type tripods are widely used. It is mainly composed of the main body, the hinge, the opening pin, the locking handle, the balance tightening screw, the upper and lower locking pins, etc. The bearing steps have platform steps and 18-degree conical steps. 1. Side-opening tripod  The LCD type side-opening tripod is composed of the main body and the valve. The valve is connected to the main body through the pin shaft and functions to open and close the diameter of the tripod hole. When the valve is closed, it is automatically locked by the upper and lower locking pins. When opening, press the locking handle and pull slightly outward. The upper end face of the main body has double-safety limit blocks. When the upper end face is under load, the pipe string presses the limit blocks, and the valve cannot be opened or closed. Only when there is no load on the pressure-bearing surface of the main body, the limit blocks can move up and down, allowing the valve to open and close freely. The limit blocks play a safety protection role.  Each tripod comes with a set of safety pins. After the hook is inserted into the ears on both ends of the main body, insert the safety pins to prevent the hook from coming out and ensure the safety during the operation of raising and lowering the pipe string. 2. Open-type tripod  Compared with the side-opening tripod, the open-type tripod is easier to operate. It is mainly composed of the left and right pages of the main body, the lock pin, the safety handle, the valve pin, the spring, etc. The rectangular arms on the outer sides of the left and right pages of the main body can suspend the hook. The lock pin fastens the left and right pages of the main body together. Through the safety handle, it ensures that the lock pin will not open during the up and down drilling process.  3. Use of tripods  (1) Before use, it should be placed in a dry and ventilated place to avoid rusting and damage of the product.  (2) After use, clean the oil, sludge, etc. on the tripod, check for any damage. The inner ring and end face of the tripod should be lubricated frequently with oil and anti-rust oil. Store it in an indoor place with ventilation and dryness. Do not use corrosive cleaning agents.  4. Precautions  (2) The operating temperature should be no less than -40℃.  (3) Do not drop or strike the tripod to avoid deformation and mechanical damage. (5) Do not perform welding, grinding, cutting, drilling, etc. on the main body of the tripod. (6) The worn parts of the force-bearing area exceed 1.5mm, repair or stop using. (7) The specification of the tripod should be consistent with the size of the drill string, the load step should be flat without severe deformation, and the valve pin, safety pin should be lubricated, the valve should be flexible and flexible in assembly, and be safe and reliable. (8) When raising and lowering the drill string or running casing, it is necessary to use the safety plug and small spool. When sitting the tripod, do not slam or hit forcefully, and do not perform the operation of breaking the hook. (9) Do not use beyond the load capacity. Do not use the rope loop to hang and pull heavy objects inside the tripod. (10) When the tripod is sitting on the rotary table, avoid the square plate lock pin and place it straight to make both ends of the tripod bear the load evenly.

The five commonly used wellhead tools --The swivel   A kawa is a tool used during the drilling process to secure and suspend the drill string in the well. The kawa is mainly composed of the kawa body, kawa teeth, handle, and connecting parts. Different-sized drill strings require different-sized kawas. 1. The classification of kawas is based on their functions: drill pipe kawa, drill collar kawa, and casing kawa. It is divided by structure into: three-piece, four-piece kawas, and long-type, short-type kawas, etc. It is categorized by operation methods into: power kawa and manual kawa. 2. The three-piece kawa The three-piece choke is composed of three fan-shaped choke bodies, which are interconnected by hinge pins but do not close. The drill string can freely enter and exit. Each choke body has a circumferential dovetail groove and is equipped with a liner and a choke tooth. By replacing the liner and the choke tooth, the choke can be used in different drill strings within a limited range. The length specifications of the drill pipe choke (Varco) are SDS, SDML, and SDXL, with three length specifications. SDS type is a short choke, with a size range of 2-3/8" to 4 ½". SDML type is a medium choke, with a size range of 2-3/8" to 5 ½". SDXL type is a medium choke, with a size range of 3-1/2" to 5 ½". When the choke grips the drill string and rests inside the rotary table bushing, the choke teeth closely fit the drill string, and the drill string is held in place. When the choke is lifted, because the teeth pin of the choke is slightly upwardly inclined, the surface of the choke teeth can easily disengage from the drill string, and by lifting the choke, the drill string can be raised and lowered. This form is used for 2-1/2" and 4-1/2" choke and 5" and 7" choke. When the choke is required to bear a large load, a large-angle three-piece choke can be used. Its structural features are that the angle of surrounding the drill string is large, and the choke tooth body is lengthened. This can provide a greater grip on the drill string, a longer grip length, and can withstand a larger load, suitable for deep wells. Since the choke teeth are not continuously installed in the choke body, when tightening the drill string, there will be no slipping. The disadvantage of this choke is that due to the large size of the choke teeth, when they break during operation, they are prone to fall into the well. Therefore, when manufacturing this choke, better materials and higher manufacturing techniques must be adopted to improve the resistance to cracking. 3. Multi-piece Choke (Casing Choke)  This multi-piece choke is generally used on large-diameter loads. Each choke body is interconnected by connecting pins, but does not close. Each choke body has a circumferential dovetail groove, and each groove is equipped with a single integral choke tooth. There are a total of eleven pieces. 4. Drill Spool Clamp  The Varco drill spool clamp models are: DCS-S, DCS-R, and DCS-L. The size ranges are as follows: DCS-S: 3" to 4", 4" to 4-7/8"; DCS-R: 4½" to 6", 5-1/2" to 7"; DCS-L: 6-3/4" to 14". 5. Safety Clamp  The safety clamp is used when lowering or raising drill collars, core barrels, and large-diameter pipes to prevent the drill tools from entering the well. It is composed of several sections of clamp bodies connected together through pin holes, and the two ends are connected to the screw rod through chain plug pins to form a variable clamp. Changing the number of tooth plates of the safety clamp can adapt to different sizes of drill collars and pipe strings. For drill collars without shoulders, a safety clamp should be used. The safety clamp consists of a tooth plate sleeve, clamp teeth, spring, adjusting screw, nut, handle, and connecting rod. When using the safety clamp, tighten the nut, then gently strike each pin with a hammer to ensure that the clamp teeth fully contact the drill collar in the circumferential direction, thereby providing safety protection. The distance between the safety clamp and the clamp teeth is 5 cm. 6. Pre-use Inspection  1) When the clamp teeth are worn down to 1/4 of their original height, new tooth plates should be replaced; 2) If the new tooth plate is installed in the tooth plate slot and shakes, the clamp body is scrapped; 3) The hinge parts should be flexible and complete. If there is wear, replace the components in time; 4) When opening the clamp, the opening should be no less than the nominal size of the drill tool; 5) At least 80% of the teeth of the new tooth plate should be in contact with the drill body after installing the new tooth plate. 7. Precautions  1) Select the appropriate clamp size according to the drill tools in the well.  2) Check the sharpness of the clamp teeth, ensure they are not loose, not installed in the wrong position, and whether they are clean. Check if the screws, opening pins, and nuts are complete and tightened, and if the connecting shaft pins can rotate flexibly.  3) After 1000 meters of well depth, it is mandatory to use double hanger clamps for raising and lowering drill collars. Do not use the clamp with the safety clamp for raising and lowering drill collars (on land).  4) When raising or lowering drill collars, the clamp should be used together with the safety clamp. The distance between the clamp and the mother bolt end face is 50 cm, and the distance between the safety clamp and the clamp is 5 cm.  5) After raising or lowering the drill collars, at least 80% of the teeth of the safety clamp should be in contact with the drill body;  6) Do not overload during use, do not use incompatible models.  7) Avoid raising the pipe string too quickly during use, which may cause the clamp teeth to fracture or leave deep scratches on the surface of the pipe string. Do not throw the safety clamp when the hanger is overloaded or when the pipe is rapidly lowered to cause impact.  8) After use, clean the clamp, keep the inclined surface of the clamp clean, and lubricate it frequently. Apply anti-rust oil to the exposed surface and store it in a well-ventilated and dry place indoors.  9) The clamp teeth should be placed in sets according to the specified quantity and not reduced arbitrarily.  10) Replace the worn parts in time.  11) During field operations, keep all components clean. 8. Maintenance and Care  (1) Do not use the drill pipe clamp as a drill collar clamp.  (2) Before use, check if all rotating parts are flexible and if there is any jamming phenomenon.  (3) Before use, check if the conical surface and clamp teeth of the clamp body have plastic deformation and excessive wear. If so, replace them in time. If the clamp teeth are clogged with dirt, clean them.  (4) Do not overload during use, do not use incompatible models.  (5) Avoid raising the pipe string too quickly during use, which may cause the clamp teeth to fracture or leave deep scratches on the surface of the pipe string. Do not throw the safety clamp when the hanger is overloaded or when the pipe is rapidly lowered to cause impact.  (6) After use, clean the clamp, keep the inclined surface of the clamp clean, and lubricate it frequently. Apply anti-rust oil to the exposed surface and store it in a well-ventilated and dry place indoors.  (7) Place the clamp teeth in sets according to the specified quantity and do not reduce them arbitrarily.  (8) Replace the worn parts in time.  (9) During field operations, keep all components clean.  

The locking pliers are equipment used for automatically attaching and detaching the couplings on the drill pipe. They are mainly divided into two types: pneumatic locking pliers and hydraulic locking pliers. 1. Pneumatic Locking Pliers  The main parameters of the SSW-40 pneumatic locking plier: Size range: 3-½" to 9 ½" (89-241 mm); Rotation speed (for 5" drill pipe): 120 RPM; Torque (for 5" pipe): 1100 ftlbs (1490 Nm); Air pressure: 90-120 psi (6,2-8,6 Bar) Precautions for using pneumatic locking pliers: 1) The cylinder, valves, and air circuits are safe and reliable, with flexible operation and no leakage. 2) Replace the transmission gears when they are damaged. 3) The diameter of the driving and pressure rollers does not wear more than 3.175 mm. 4) The lifting rod is flexible and easy to adjust. 5) Regularly add oil to the lubrication parts. 6) Maintain a certain amount of gear oil in the gearbox. 7) If there is slippage, noise, low pressure, or air leakage, check or repair it in time. 2. Hydraulic Pliers Q10Y-M type hydraulic pliers are mainly composed of travel gearbox, reduction device, plier head, air control system, and hydraulic system. Usage Notes ⑴ The size of the jaw plate should match the size of the drill pipe joint. ⑵ When moving the large clamp to the wellhead, it is strictly prohibited to fully close the air valve at once to prevent the clamp from moving rapidly towards the inlet and causing impact. ⑶ Before the male coupling has completely come out of the female coupling and the large clamp has not released the drill pipe, it is not allowed to lift the drill pipe. ⑷ When the large clamp is not in use, all liquid and air valves should be returned to the zero position, the one-way valves should be closed, the hydraulic pump should be stopped, and the large clamp airway valve should be closed. ⑸ According to the disassembly and assembly of the coupling, determine the position of the positioning handle of the upper and lower clamps. When changing positions, all the gaps on the clamp head must be aligned before operation; otherwise, the mechanism will malfunction.

Five commonly used wellhead tools - Hanger   Structure and Principle  The hoisting ring is a specialized wellhead tool used for suspending the hanger during drilling and well repair operations. It must have strong bearing capacity, be resistant to impact, be lightweight, and be safe and reliable. The upper ears of the hoisting ring are attached to the side auxiliary hooks of the large hook, and the lower part is attached to the hanger of the hanger. The connection parts between the hoisting ring, the hanger, and the large hook comply with the provisions of SY5288=2000.   The hoisting ring is of two types: single-arm and double-arm. The double-arm hoisting ring is commonly used in shallow wells and has a bearing capacity not exceeding 1350kN. The commonly used hoisting rings in drilling and production equipment are DH1350 and SH1350. The single-arm hoisting ring is forged as a whole, and the material is ultra-high strength steel. The double-arm hoisting ring is forged and welded from high-quality alloy steel. Both types of hoisting rings undergo meticulous heat treatment and surface treatment, resulting in high strength and toughness levels.